Báo cáo Assessing the effectiveness of Farmer Field Schools for Implementation of Citrus IPM in Viet Nam
Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
_____________________________________________________________________
CARD Project Progress Report
036/04VIE
Assessing the effectiveness of Farmer Field
Schools for Implementation of Citrus IPM
in Viet Nam
MS6: THIRD SIX-MONTHLY REPORT
1
INSTITUTE INFORMATION
Project Name
Assessing the effectiveness of Farmer Field Schools
for Implementation of Citrus IPM in Viet Nam
Vietnamese Institution
Plant Protection Department
Vietnamese Project Team Leader Mr Ho Van Chien
Australian Organisation
Australian Personnel
Date commenced
University of Western Sydney
Debbie Rae, Oleg Nicetic, Robert Spooner-Hart
January 2005
Completion date (original)
Completion date (revised)
Reporting period
December 2006
January to July 2006
Contact Officer(s)
In Australia: Team Leader
Name:
Position:
Debbie Rae
Research Program
Coordinator
Telephone:
Fax:
+61245701118
+61245701103
Organisation University of Western Sydney Email:
In Australia: Administrative contact
Name:
Position:
Gar Jones
Director, Research Services
Telephone:
Fax:
+6124736 0631
+6124736 0905
Organisation University of Western
Email:
Sydney
In Vietnam
Name:
Position:
Mr Ho Van Chien
Director
Organisation Southern Regional Plant
Telephone:
Fax:
Email:
+8473834476
+8473834477
Protection Centre
2
1. Project Abstract
Citrus is an important fruit crop in Viet Nam but productivity and production are impeded
by a range of pests and diseases. Integrated pest management (IPM) is widely recognised
as an effective and sustainable method of pest and disease control. Viet Nam has a well-
developed National IPM program of farmer participatory training and research using
Farmer Field Schools (FFS), which has trained more than 500,000 farmers in IPM
technologies for rice, vegetable, cotton, tea, soybean, peanut, and sweet potato crops.
Prior to this project the Vietnamese capacity to train farmers in citrus IPM technologies
was very limited. Capacity has now been significantly increased by this project and by
November 2006 more than 2,200 farmers will have completed season long training in
citrus IPM. In order to achieve this level of farmer training the capacity of extension
workers has also been significantly enhanced. In 2005, 98 extension workers undertook
training in citrus IPM, and subsequently facilitated 24 FFS across 12 provinces in the
Mekong Delta and the Central Coast regions of Viet Nam. In 2006 a total of 111 trainers
were trained and those trainers are currently facilitating 52 FFS across 11 provinces in the
Mekong Delta and the Central Coast regions.
2. Executive Summary
Viet Nam has a well-developed National IPM program that has resulted in more than
500,000 farmers being trained in IPM technologies for rice, vegetable, cotton, tea,
soybean, peanut, and sweet potato crops. Prior to this project no IPM training had
been conducted in citrus, despite it being an important fruit crop in Viet Nam. In the
first six months of 2006 efficient planning and sustained efforts by all project
personnel has resulted in 111 master trainers being trained by 11 key scientists, and
these trainers successfully commencing 52 FFS in 11 provinces in the Mekong Delta
and Central Coast regions of Viet Nam. The FFS program has been modified after
feedback from the project review meetings held in November 2005. These
modifications include the FFS starting earlier and finishing later with less frequent
sessions to allow all phenological stages of citrus from flowering to harvest to be
included in the program. The timing of FFS meetings is determined by the local
facilitators in order to closely coincide with the most important citrus growth periods
and critical stages of pest and disease development within the local region. Teaching
demonstration trials have also been implemented at all FFS. A farmer practice
baseline study was conducted at 9 locations and all farmers participating in FFS
completed a 52-question pre- and post-intervention survey. All components of the
project logframe for the first 6 months of 2006 have been completed.
3. Introduction & Background
Citrus fruit is one of the major fruit crops in Vietnam and citrus production is an
important source of income for many Vietnamese farmers. However, a range of pests
and diseases seriously impedes productivity and production of citrus in Vietnam. This
3
project has adopted the methods of participatory based learning and action based
research to train Plant Protection Department extension officers and farmers in
improved methods of citrus cultivation and management of pests and diseases.
Increased trainer and farmer knowledge of citriculture and IPM methods will allow
better-informed decisions about citrus growing and pest and disease management.
The training program involves Training of Trainers (TOT) by key research scientists
and extension workers in citrus IPM, followed by season long Farmer Field Schools
(FFS) conducted by trainers in their local regions. Training conducted as part of this
project is contributing to the establishment of a network of citrus IPM Trainers
throughout the Mekong Delta and the Central Coast regions of Viet Nam. Increasing
the number of extension workers who have undertaken training in citrus IPM will
significantly enhance the capacity of the Plant Protection Department extension
network to effectively train and support Vietnamese citrus farmers to better manage
their crops.
4. Progress to Date
Implementation Highlights
Activities for 2006 commenced with a stakeholder meeting held at the Southern
Regional Plant Protection Centre on Monday 9th January. A total of 18 participants
attended the meeting including Mr Nguyen Huu Huan, the Deputy Director of the
Plant Protection Department. Participants and their affiliations are listed in Annex 1.
The major outcomes from the meeting were:
¾ The TOT training program would be adjusted to include more practical activities
¾ The number of FFS to be held in each participating province would be adjusted to
better reflect the importance of citrus and the area of citrus cultivated
¾ Teaching materials would include one set of posters of pests and diseases for each
FFS and a clipboard, monitoring sheets and a hand lens for each participating
farmer. At the end of the project a field guide of pests and diseases would be
produced
Further information about the meeting outcomes are provided in Annex 2.
The program schedules for each of the 3 TOT training programs were determined.
Starting dates for the TOT were set as 13th February, 27th February and 13th March
2006. Details of the topics and presenters are provided in Annex 3. All of the TOT
training programs were carried out as according to plan and a total of 111 trainers,
including 74 men and 37 women successfully completed their training. A list of
names of the participants receiving certificates of attainment and their assessment
scores are provided in Annex 4.
From March 21st to 24th Oleg Nicetic visited southern Vietnam and attended meetings
at the Southern Regional Plant Protection Centre and Vinafruit in Ho Chi Minh city.
A report on this visit is provided in Annex 5. Major outcomes of the meetings were:
4
¾ The TOTs were very well organised. Some changes were made to the distribution
of participants because Quang Nam province has a small area of citrus and their
needs were met by training in 2005. Binh Dinh province did not send their trainers
or organise FFS and it is not clear why at this stage.
¾ Teaching demonstration trials were found to be very effective as a learning tool in
2005 but feedback from the review workshop indicated that they could be
simplified. The strategy suggested for 2006 was one based on the flush cycle and
use of a single application of imidacloprid per flush followed with 3-4 mineral oil
sprays at a concentration of 0.25%. As part of the TOT, participants worked in
groups to further refine protocols for this season’s Teaching Demonstration Trials.
Protocols addressing citrus cultivation, pest management, pruning and nutrition
were developed for each of the three most important citrus species of pomelo,
mandarin and orange.
¾ It was acknowledged that links between Vinafruit and the current project could be
improved. Mr Chien has been facilitating these links by providing presentations to
members of Vinafruit cooperatives in the Mekong Delta. In 2006 all participants
in one FFS in Ben Tre are members of the Vinafruit cooperative.
In 2005 Can Tho PPSD TOT participants and PPSD staff developed a set of 12
posters on pests and diseases of citrus in collaboration between extension officers,
researchers, trainers and farmers. As these posters present important information in a
visual medium that is easy for farmers to understand and remember, it was suggested
that a set of posters be made for all FFS to be conducted in 2006. A total of 56 copies
of the 12 posters were produced at the cost of VND 106,400,000. As funds had not
been allocated in the budget to print the posters, ACIAR, Communication and Policy
Secretariat generously contributed 60,800,000 VND, and the Centre for Plant and
Food Sciences (UWS) 45,600,000 VND. Examples of the posters were submitted to
CARD PMU in Hanoi on 28th March 2006.
In April a book entitled “IPM on citrus-Ecological Guide” was published and
distributed to all participating trainers. The book incorporates chapters on
establishment and management of citrus orchards, irrigation, fertilization and
integrated pest, disease and weed management. This publication was received with
great enthusiasm by many trainers. A copy of the book was provided to the PMU with
the Milestone 5 Report.
From 13th -24th June Oleg visited Viet Nam and together with Mr Chien and Dr Hai
conducted profiling of the sites and villages in 9 of the provinces where FFS are
currently being held. Because of limited time the FFSs in Tra Vinh province were not
visited. An additional activity of evaluating each site for compliance with EUREP
GAP was conducted in order to establish the difference between Vietnamese citrus
farmer production practices and EUREP GAP requirements. A full report on the
farmer baseline study and findings is provided in Annex 6. Major findings of the
study were:
¾ There are marked differences in the agro-ecological systems and citrus
growing practices used in the Mekong Delta and the Central Coast region,
including Nghe An province.
¾ Farmers need to acquire more skills in recognising pests and diseases and
connecting these pests and diseases to the phenology of citrus trees.
5
¾ Farmers predominantly used cheap, older generation pesticides but their
knowledge about alternative control methods including mineral oil, weaver
ants and compost and Trichoderma for phytophthora control appears to be
increasing and these practices are gaining greater acceptance
¾ There was virtually no compliance with EUREP GAP requirements and it is
recommended that a simpler model that is appropriate for Vietnamese socio-
economic and environmental conditions should be developed in order to
ensure safer citrus products for consumers and reduced environmental impact.
Capacity Building
This project continues to enhance the capacity of the PPD to facilitate farmer
participatory training in citriculture and management of citrus pests and diseases. The
participatory approach provides a framework within which the pluralism of ideas of
the trainers can be harnessed, adapted and refined in consultation with farmers in
order to provide effective solutions for the farmers. In the first year of the project in
98 trainers undertook training conducted by 10 key scientists, and these trainers
facilitated 24 FFS in 12 provinces in the Mekong Delta and Central Coast regions of
Viet Nam. In 2006 an additional 111 trainers undertook training conducted by 11 key
scientists. Trainers are now facilitating 48 FFS funded by this project and another 4
funded by the provincial government. FFS will continue until the end of the citrus
growing season in November.
As a result of linkages formed between this project and CARD project 052/04VIE
“Management of phytophthora diseases in Vietnamese horticulture”, Mr Duong Minh
from Can Tho University conducted training sessions in each of the 3 TOT. In these
sessions trainers learned about the problems of phytophthora in citrus and methods for
effectively managing the disease.
Training Programs
Training is a major component of this project and a participatory training approach is
used in both TOT and FFS. As described above 98 trainers attended TOT in 2005, and
then facilitated FFS in 24 FFS. In 2006 training activities have been scaled up and 111
trainers attended TOT and 52 FFS are currently underway (Table 1). Further details of
the TOT training program for 2006 are provided in Annex 3.
In addition to the FFS funded by the project in 2006, 2 additional FFS are being
conducted in Tien Giang province and 2 in Vinh Long province (Table 1). These
additional FFS have been financed by the provincial government.
Table 1. Distribution of FFS in the Mekong Delta and Central Coast regions and the
number of participating farmers from each province
No.
Province
No. of FFS No. of FFS
funded by funded by
No of
farmers
Male
Female
CARD
province participating
MEKONG
6
DELTA
Tien Giang
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
7
7
2
2
6
6
3
5
38
2
237
210
60
213
203
59
24
7
1
2
2
8
7
12
63
Can Tho
Hau Giang
Soc Trang
Dong Thap
Vinh Long
Tra Vinh
Ben Tre
60
58
180
240
90
150
1227
178
232
83
138
1164
2
Total
4
CENTRAL
COAST
1
2
3
Nghe An
Binh Dinh
Khanh Hoa
Total
4
2
4
117
58
128
303
90
46
55
27
12
73
10
0
191
112
Publicity
An important finding of the pre-intervention survey was that more than 90% of all
farmers have a television set in their own home. Every province in Vietnam has a
local television station and as 70% of the population live in rural areas, the level of
content relating to agricultural matters is high. As television has high potential impact
to farmers, television reporters have been invited to all major project events such as
meetings and the opening and closing of FFS. Numerous television reports about the
project were broadcast in 2006, and details of reports broadcast on Tien Giang TV
(TGTV) and Vinh Long TV (VLTV) are provided in table 2.
Table 2. Details of television programs reporting on project activities from the
commencement of FFS until June 2006.
Topic
Program title Program Broadcast TV
length
(mins)
date
channel
The second year of CARD
Citrus IPM project and prospect Horticultural
for future project in GAP
News in
15
17/04/06
Tien
Giang
TV
Practices
Natural enemies and reduced
pesticide use
90
11/06/06
12/06/06
Vinh
Long
TV
How to
Become Richer
Farmer
Fertilizer application
technologies at citrus flowering
stage
30
Tien
Giang
TV
Topics in
Horticulture
7
Project Management
The project has continued to be very well managed in terms of on time and on budget
achievement of training objectives. The Vietnamese partners are highly committed at
all levels of the Plant Protection Department. Activities commenced for 2006 with a
stakeholder meeting which was opened and chaired by Mr Nguyen Huu Huan, Deputy
Director of the Plant Protection Department. The meeting was highly effective with
all major planning decisions for the year agreed on. Dr Debbie Rae and Oleg Nicetic
both attended the meeting without cost to the project, because travel was combined
with other projects.
The Vietnamese Project Team Leader continued to demonstrate exceptional project
management skills and has remained intimately involved in all aspects of the project
including facilitation of 3 TOTs as well as presenting part of the course. In June 2006
Mr Chien spent 2 weeks travelling together with Dr Hai and Oleg Nicetic to all
participating provinces in order to conduct a baseline survey of farmer practices and
determine compliance with Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) principles. Mr Chien
has also continued to initiate activities outside the original scope of the project
including sponsorship for provision of materials to be used in teaching demonstration
trials.
Mr Huan organised editing and printing of the book “Ecological Management of
Citrus” and has facilitated the writing of another book, which will be a field guide for
farmers and trainers.
Saigon Plant Protection Company (SPPC) is participating very actively in the FFS
program this year and have donated mineral oil for all the schools and published
10,000 leaflets for farmers that outline how to use mineral oil in the citrus IPM
program.
5. Report on Cross-Cutting Issues
Environment
The focus of FFS is to increase the farmers understanding of the ecosystem and the
impact of human influences on it. This approach has the potential to reduce the
detrimental impacts of human activities on the environment. Farmers in the Mekong
Delta are reporting that IPM strategies they learned in FFS and have adopted on their
own farms have made it possible for them to raise fish in the canals between the citrus
trees. This is clear evidence of improved ecosystem health.
Gender and Social Issues
In the training of trainers 69 males and 29 females were trained in 2005 and 74 males
and 37 females were trained in 2006. The proportion of male and female trainers is
reflective of the overall gender balance of PPD trainers. At the FFS level women were
strongly encouraged to participate, but participation by women depends on the
8
household partitioning of duties, which varies considerably between provinces and
regions. For example in Phu Son village in Ben Tre province all FFS participant were
men, whereas in Vinh Thanh village in Khan Hoa province 80% of FFS participants
were women.
Representatives from NGOs are invited to project planning meetings and kept
informed about project activities.
6. Implementation Issues
Issues and Constraints
No new issues or constraints arose during the first 6 months of 2006. The major issue
previously identified is the need for the Australian Organisation to forward funds to
Vietnam for training activities, before funds have been received from the funding
organisation because of the requirement to complete milestones before payments can
be made. The major constraint identified previously is the limited local resources
available to Vietnamese scientists, researchers and trainers to allow travel outside the
local region in order to seek or provide expertise and exchange information.
Options
All changes to TOT curricula and the way FFSs are conducted that were suggested at
the review workshops in November 2005 and at the stakeholder meeting in January
2006 were successfully implemented.
7. Conclusion
High levels of enthusiasm for this project, efficient planning, open communication
between project personnel and sustained efforts have resulted in all components of the
project logframe for the first 6 months of 2006 being completed.
List of Annexes
Annex 1. Participant list for the stakeholder meeting held at the Southern Regional
Plant Protection Centre on Monday 9th January 2006.
Annex 2. Outcomes from the stakeholder meeting held at the Southern Regional Plant
Protection Centre on Monday 9th January 2006.
Annex 3. Training program and curriculum for 2006.
Annex 4.
9
Annex 5. Report on a visit to the Southern Regional Plant Protection Centre, My Tho
and Vinafruit, Ho Chi Minh City from 21st to 24th March 2006 by Oleg Nicetic.
Annex 6. Farmer practice baseline study 2006.
Annex 1. Participant list for the stakeholder meeting held at the Southern
Regional Plant Protection Centre on Monday 9th January 2006
No.
1
Name
Organization/Institution
Sex
F
Dr. Debbie Rae
WSU
WSU
2
Mr. Oleg Nicetic
M
M
M
M
F
3
Mr. Nguyen Huu Huan
Mr. Ho Van Chien
Dr. Trac Khuong Lai
Dr. Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc
Dr. Tran Van Hai
PPD
4
SRPPC
5
SOFRI
6
CTU
7
CTU
M
M
M
8
Mr. Duong Minh
CTU
9
Mr. Pham Van Quynh
Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development In Can Tho City
Farmer association of Vinh Long
Province
10
11
Mss. Nguyen Thi Dao
Mr. Le Huu Hai
F
Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development In Cai Lay District-
Tien Giang Prov.
Sub-DPP in Tien Giang Prov.
Farmer Association
Women Association
Sai Gon Pesticide Commpany
M
12
13
14
15
Mr. Pham Van Chien
Mr. Nguyen Van Tu
Mss. Nguyen Thi Bay
Mss. Nguyen Thi Ngoc
Thuy
M
M
F
F
16
17
18
Dr. Bui Van Kiep
Mss. Pham Thi Cuc
Mr. Nguyen Van Minh
Bayer Crop Science Company
Lan Anh Company
M
F
Tien Giang TV Station
M
10
Annex 2. Outcomes from the stakeholder meeting held at the Southern Regional
Plant Protection Centre on Monday 9th January 2006
1. Changes to the training program for 2006
Participants agreed that the TOT program should include more practical exercises and
Mr Chien suggested that presenters give lectures in the morning and have practical
application in the field. A citrus orchard near to the Southern Regional Plant
Protection Centre will be used for practical exercises. A new section on using
Trichoderma and composting to improve the resistance of citrus trees to phytophthora
will be presented by Mr Duong Minh.
2. Number of trainers and FFS from each province
Changes were made in the number of FFS to be held in each participating province to
better reflect the importance of citrus and the area of citrus cultivated. The modified
program is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Number of TOT participants and FFS in each province
No.
Province/City
No. of TOT
participants
No.
from
NGOs
No.
FFS
Remark
MEKONG DELTA
Tien Giang
Can Tho
Hau Giang
Soc Trang
Dong Thap
Vinh Long
Tra Vinh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12
12
5
3
3
0
0
3
3
0
3
15
6
6
2
2
6
6
3
5
36
5
12
12
5
12
75
Ben Tre
Total
CENTRAL COAST
Nghe An
Binh Dinh
Khanh Hoa
Total
1
2
3
8
8
8
2
2
2
6
4
4
4
24
12
Note: NGO: Non-Government Organizations (such as Farmer Association, Women
Association, Horticultural Association, VACVINA, Private Pesticide Dealers)
3. Teaching materials for the farmers
During the first year of Citrus FFS, trainers developed many different resource
materials for the farmers. The most outstanding of these was a series of posters
printed on waterproof material developed by Can Tho Plant Protection Sub
11
Department. A range of pest and disease monitoring sheets were also developed in
different locations. At the review workshops held in November 2005 it was decided to
simplify and standardise monitoring sheets across all FFS for 2006. Also at the
workshops there were many requests for simple and practical field guide to pests and
diseases with lots of pictures.
At the meeting 3 major decisions were made about teaching materials:
1. Copies of the posters made by Can Tho Plant Protection Sub Department will
be made for all FFS. The cost will be around $A5,000 and this will be paid by
UWS. One additional poster on the phenological phases of citrus growth
would be very useful for the farmers.
2. Monitoring sheets, clip boards and hand lenses will be provided to all farmers
at the start of each FFS. The field monitoring sheets need to be simple and
easy for the farmers to use. Mr Chien will fund these and arrange delivery to
each FFS.
3. At the end of the project a field-guide (“notebook”) will be produced for use
by farmers. The principal author will be Dr Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc, with co-
authors Dr Tran Van Hai, Ho Van Chien and Oleg Nicetic. Funds will be
provided from PPD, from money previously allocated to printing books from
the first CARD project. After the field-guide is printed it will be distributed to
every participant.
4. Field demonstration trials and study tours
In 2006 every FFS wants to have a demonstration field trial with IPM and grower
practice treatments. However, within the project budget there is no money to buy
pesticides necessary to conduct the trials. Farmers themselves can provide materials
for the farmer practice treatment, but for the IPM treatment materials need to be
sourced from the pesticide companies. Mr Chien will contact the companies to seek
their support.
In 2005 study tours were funded by UWS but in 2006 no further funds are available.
Mr Huan suggested that support should be sought from the local government
extension budget. Mr Huan and Mr Chien will look into this.
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Annex 3. Training program and curriculum for 2006.
“1st TOT”- Training content of “TOT” IPM on Citrus
Content Trainer Date
Day No
Office
1
Variety and culture method MSc. Nguyen
Feb. 13
SOFRI
on Citrus plant Huu Thoai
2
3
Nutrient demand of Citrus
plant
Identify, damage symptom
Dr. Nguyen Bao
Toan
Dr. Nguyen Thi
Thu Cuc
Feb. 14
Cantho
University
Cantho
Morning
Feb. 15
Morning of the main pests on Citrus
orchard. Practice on Citrus
orchard
University
Afternoon Introduction to IPM on
Citrus
Dr. Nguyen Thi
Thu Cuc
MSc. Duong
Minh
Afternoon Feb. Cantho
15 and Feb. 16
Morning
University
Cantho
4
Soil born disease and
Morning biological control.
Method - making compost
Feb. 17
University
Afternoon Using pesticide in IPM on
Dr. Tran Van Hai Afternoon Feb. Cantho
Citrus
17
University
5
Methods for spraying PSO
Morning and pruning Citrus plant.
MSc. Nguyen
Huu Thoai
Morning
Feb. 18
SOFRI
SRPPC
Practice on Citrus orchard. BSc. Le Quoc
Cuong
Afternoon PSO and technical spraying BSc. LE Quoc
Afternoon Feb. SRPPC
18
on Citrus plant
Cuong
6
Insects and theirs natural
enemies
MSc. Ho Van
Chien
Feb. 19
SRPPC
7
Management “Greening”
Dr. Nguyen Van
Hoa
Morning
Feb. 20
SOFRI
Morning and “Tristeza” diseases on
Citrus plant
Afternoon Practice “Greening Test-
Kit”. Method - rapid
Dr. Nguyen Van
Hoa
Afternoon Feb. SOFRI
20
diagnosis Greening disease
8
9
Technical stored post-
harvest
Method survey and analysis MSc. Le Van
MSc. Lam Thi
My Nuong
Feb. 21
Feb. 22
SRPPC
SRPPC
effect of training “IPM on
Citrus” by KAP using SPSS
Discussion and design
Thiet
10
Group action
Morning
Feb. 23
Morning protocol for IPM on special
Citrus plant
Afternoon Discussion and design
Group action and Afternoon Feb.
protocol for IPM on special trainer
23
Citrus plant (continue) and
test at the end of course
11
Presentation protocols and
general discussion
– Closing
Trainers.
Feb. 24
1
“2nd TOT”- Training content of “TOT” IPM on Citrus
Content Trainer Date
Day No
Office
1
Variety and culture method MSc. Nguyen Feb. 27
SOFRI
on Citrus plant
Nutrient demand of Citrus
plant
Huu Thoai
Dr. Nguyen Bao
Toan
2
3
Feb. 28
Cantho
University
Cantho
Identify, damage symptoms Dr. Nguyen Thi
Morning
Morning of the main pests on Citrus
orchard. Practice on Citrus
orchard.
Thu Cuc
March 01
University
Afternoon Introduction IPM on Citrus Dr. Nguyen Thi
Afternoon
March01 and
March 02
Morning
Cantho
University
Thu Cuc
4
Soil born disease and
Morning biological control.
Method - making compost
MSc. Duong
Minh
Cantho
University
March 03
Afternoon Using pesticide in IPM on
Dr. Tran Van Hai Afternoon
March 03
Cantho
University
SOFRI
Citrus
5
Methods for spraying PSO
MSc. Nguyen
Huu Thoai
Morning
March 04
Morning and pruning Citrus plant.
SRPPC
Practice on Citrus orchard BSc. Le Quoc
Cuong
Afternoon PSO and technical spraying BSc. LE Quoc
Afternoon
March 04
March 05
SRPPC
SRPPC
SOFRI
on Citrus plant
Cuong
6
Insects and theirs natural
enemies
MSc. Ho Van
Chien
7
Management “Greening”
Dr. Nguyen Van
Hoa
Morning
March 06
Morning and “Tristeza” diseases on
Citrus plant
Afternoon Practice “Greening Test-
Kit”. Method - rapid
Dr. Nguyen Van
Hoa
Afternoon
March 06
SOFRI
diagnosis Greening disease
8
9
Technical stored post-
harvest
Method survey and analysis MSc. Le Van
MSc. Lam Thi
My Nuong
March 07
March 08
SRPPC
SRPPC
effect of training “IPM on
Citrus” by KAP and using
SPSS software.
Thiet
10
Discussion and design
Group action
Morning
Morning protocol for IPM on special
Citrus plant
March 09
Afternoon Discussion and design
Group action and Afternoon
protocol for IPM on special trainers
Citrus plant (continue) and
test at the end of course
March 09
March 10
11
Presentation protocols and
general discussion
– Closing
Trainers.
2
“3th TOT”- Training content of “TOT” IPM on Citrus
Content Trainer Date
Day No
Office
1
Variety and culture method MSc. Nguyen March13
SOFRI
on Citrus plant
Nutrient demand of Citrus
plant
Huu Thoai
Dr. Nguyen Bao
Toan
2
3
March14
Cantho
University
Cantho
Identify, damage symptom
Dr. Nguyen Thi
Thu Cuc
Morning
March15
Morning of the main pests on Citrus
orchard Practice on Citrus
orchard.
University
Afternoon Introduction IPM on Citrus Dr. Nguyen Thi
Afternoon
March 15
March 16
Morning
March 17
Cantho
University
Thu Cuc
4
Soil born disease and
Morning biological control.
Method - making compost
MSc. Duong
Minh
Cantho
University
Afternoon Using pesticide in IPM on
Dr. Tran Van Hai Afternoon
March 17
Cantho
University
SOFRI
Citrus
5
Methods for spraying PSO
MSc. Nguyen
Huu Thoai
Morning
March 18
Morning and pruning Citrus plant.
SRPPC
Practice on Citrus orchard BSc. Le Quoc
Cuong
Afternoon PSO and technical spraying BSc. LE Quoc
Afternoon
March 18
March 19
SRPPC
SRPPC
SOFRI
on Citrus plant
Cuong
6
Insects and theirs natural
enemies
MSc. Ho Van
Chien
7
Management “Greening”
Dr. Nguyen Van
Hoa
Morning
March 20
Morning and “Tristeza” diseases on
Citrus plant
Afternoon Practice “Greening Test-
Kit”. Method - rapid
Dr. Nguyen Van
Hoa
Afternoon
March 20
SOFRI
diagnosis Greening disease
8
9
Technical stored post-
harvest
Method survey and analysis MSc. Le Van
MSc. Lam Thi
My Nuong
March 21
March 22
SRPPC
SRPPC
effect of training “IPM on
Citrus” by KAP and using
SPSS software for windows.
Discussion and design
Thiet
10
Group action
Morning March
23
Morning protocol for IPM on special
Citrus plant
Afternoon Discussion and design
Group action and Afternoon
protocol for IPM on special trainer
Citrus plant (continue) and
test at the end of course
March 23
March 24
11
Presentation protocols and
general discussion
– Closing
Trainers.
3
Annex 5. Report on a visit to the Southern Regional Plant Protection Centre, My
Tho and Vinafruit, Ho Chi Minh City from 21st to 24th March 2006 by Oleg
Nicetic
1. TOT
Oleg participated in the last day of the third very well organised TOT training
program at the Southern Regional Plant Protection Centre (SRPPC). Three TOTs
were organized: 1st TOT 13/02/ to 24/02/06; 2nd TOT 27/02 to 10/03/06 and 3rd TOT
13/03/ to 23/03/06. A total of 113 trainers were trained from 10 provinces, 8 from
Mekong Delta and 2 from Central Coast. At the stakeholders meeting in January 2006
it was decided that this year no FFS would be held in Quang Nam Province because it
has a very small area of citrus and training conducted last year sufficiently met the
needs of that province. Unfortunately no new trainers were recruited from Binh Dinh
province. Mr Chien made many attempts to talk with the director of the provincial
PPSD but was not successful. However, effort will be made to organise FFSs in that
province with trainers trained in 2005.
This year the revised training curriculum that incorporated experience and feedback
from the trainers last year was used in the TOT (See Annex 3). A better balance
between the theoretical and practical components was achieved. This year participants
of TOT developed protocols for this seasons Teaching Demonstration Trials.
Participants were divided into three groups and each group developed protocol for one
of three targeted citrus species, pomelo, mandarin and orange. Protocols addressed not
only pest management but also citrus cultivation, pruning and nutrition. Oleg
participated in the session when groups presented PowerPoint presentations of the
protocols they had developed. He was impressed with the quality of presentation and
vivid and heated discussion between the TOT participants. The participatory method
of teaching used during the TOT course obviously produced results. In the closing
speech Oleg reinforced the importance of trainers working with farmers to further
improve the IPM strategies that will be used this year in FFSs teaching demonstration
trials and that the IPM protocol and action threshold levels provided form a
framework that they can change and adapt to their own situation.
Certificates of attainment were awarded to all participants after they successfully
passed assessment process.
2. Teaching demonstration trials
The concept of Teaching Demonstration Trials (TDT) was very successful last year
with very positive feedback from trainers and farmers.
A revised protocol for the teaching demonstration trials in 2006 was discussed at the
meeting with Mr Chien, Dr Hai (CTU) and Dr Cuc (CTU) on 22/03/06. It was agreed
that this year the protocol would be simplified and only one strategy that was drafted
from last year experience and trainers’ feedback at the Project Review Workshops
will be put forward to trainers. The strategy is based on the flush cycle and use of a
single application of imidacloprid per flush followed with 3-4 mineral oil sprays at
concentration of 0.25%. Green ants will be nurtured in IPM plots. Trials will be
continuously monitored and if any monitored pest reaches the action threshold
participants of FFS can apply one of the suggested pesticides. The thresholds
suggested are very low and they are based on farmers’ perception rather than on real
economic damage. Therefore, trainers are encouraged to use their own judgment and
4
work with farmers to determine the best timing for the pesticide sprays which may
occur when pest levels are about the preliminary action thresholds. However no
thresholds lower than those suggested should be used. Special care should be taken to
record pesticides applied to Farmer Practice plot within the TDT. Accurate record
keeping of pesticides and fertilisers used is a very important part of the FFS
curriculum and should be followed by trainers and be applied not only at FFS
teaching plots but also in the farmers’ own orchards.
All FFSs will be provided with imidacloprid (Confidor) donated by Bayer and SK
EnSpray 99 donated by Saigon Plant Protection Company.
3. TOT and FFS training material
The manual for training of trainers was developed in 2005 and accepted by CARD
PMU. However that was only the first step in providing training materials to trainers
and farmers. The Vietnamese project team with help from Oleg and Debbie prepared
a manuscript for a book that will be distributed to all trainers that successfully
completed training during 2005 and 2006. Oleg met with Mr Nguyen Huu Huan,
Deputy Director General of Plant Protection Department in his office in Ho Chi Minh
City and discussed the manuscript and publishing time frame.
The manuscript is in the process of final editing and it should be printed by the end of
April 2006. The book covers citrus production including cultivation, pruning,
nutrition, pests, diseases and weeds. There is also a chapter on use of mineral oil that
is jointly authored by Dr Tran Van Hai, Ms Nguyen Ngoc Thuy, Mr Oleg Nicetic and
Dr Debbie Rae. That chapter still needs major corrections. Corrections were discussed
at the meeting with Dr Hai on 22/03/06 and Oleg and Debbie submitted text of
recommendations for use of oil to Dr Hai who will translate to Vietnamese and
incorporate into the revised book chapter. Dr Hai will submit corrected text to Mr
Huan by the end of the month.
At the meeting with Mr Huan publishing a practical field guide for citrus pest and
diseases that is intended for the farmers was also discussed. This book should be
printed by the end of November and distributed to the farmers that participated in
FFSs and were awarded certificates of attainment over the 2 years of the current
project. It was agreed that about 2000 copies of the book will be printed and it will
have about 100 pages. Both books will be printed from residual funds from the 2002
pilot CARD project.
Mr Huan also pointed out that he can provide funds for printing yet another book that
will cover the topic of methodology and curriculum of FFS.
Mr Huan expressed his satisfaction and approval with the current CARD project and
show great interest in the proposal of the new CARD project that will use IPM as a
vehicle for introduction of GAP to citrus farmers.
At the meeting in SRPPC on 23/03/06 with Mr Chien, Dr Hai (CTU) and Dr Cuc
(CTU) the content of the Field Guide for Citrus Pests and Diseases was discussed. Dr
Cuc will be the principal author and she will write the part about pests. Dr Hai will
write about diseases. Oleg will be consulted when it comes to pest and disease
control. Oleg and Debbie will write text where mineral oil will be used for control of
pests or diseases.
The field guidebook will be small in size so that it can fit in the pocket. Each pest and
disease will be presented on 2 pages, with text on the first page and pictures on the
second. Text will be organised in 5 sections: 1. Very short description of the
5
pest/disease, 2. Description of damage, 3. Monitoring and action threshold, 4. Natural
enemies, 5. Control. Picture of the pest/disease, picture of damage caused by the
pest/symptom of disease and picture of the natural enemy will be shown.
Time frame for the writing of the guidebook is very short. It was agreed that the
manuscript should be ready in October for the book to be printed in November and
distributed by the end of the project.
It was also agreed that by Oleg’s next visit in June the manuscript for 3 pests
(leafminer, psylla and aphids) and 3 diseases (canker, phytophthora and fusarium) will
be completed. Also by that time a complete list of pests and diseases that will be
included in the book will be finalised. At the meeting in June the manuscript for 3
pests and diseases will be analysed, edited, corrected and shaped so that the text about
all other pests and diseases can be written using the same format.
For the FFSs that will be conducted this year two sets of educational posters were
produced on water proof plastic materials. The first set of 8 posters presents insect and
mite pests of citrus and the second set of 4 posters presents major diseases of citrus. A
total of 56 copies of the 12 posters were produced at the cost of VND 106,400,000.
There were no funds for printing posters in the current project budget so funds were
obtained from ACIAR, Communication and Policy Secretariat (60,800,000 VND) and
from Centre for Plant and Food Sciences (UWS) (45,600,000 VND). Can Tho PPSD
TOT participants and other staff of PPSD took the initiative to create these posters
themselves. The posters are one more demonstration of the success of the method of
participatory and experiential learning applied in this CARD project.
Sheets for recording presence of pests, diseases and natural enemies for use by all
participating farmers in their own orchards were developed and printed. Each school
will be provided with hand lenses.
4. Visit to FFS 11th – 23th June
Oleg will visit Viet Nam from 11th -23th June. During the first week he will visit FFS
in the Mekong Delta region and during the second week he will visit FFS in the
Central coast region. The main aim of the visit is to conduct profiling of each of the
sites and villages where the FFS will be held in a similar manner to that conducted
last year. In addition to the profiling of each site, Oleg will also evaluate each site for
compliance with EurepGAP requirement. The purpose of this additional study is to
establish how wide the gap between Vietnamese citrus farmer production practices
and EurepGAP requirements is. This data will be also used to prepare an application
for a new CARD project with a major objective of introducing Good Agricultural
Practice (GAP) to citrus farmers.
Oleg will also explore with farmers and trainers the optimum spray application
method for each TDT with the sprayers available at the FFS site. The spray equipment
will be calibrated, the volume of spray will be determined and different spraying
techniques will be demonstrated. Each of the trial sites will be mapped and their
position recorded using GPS. During the visits the FFS participants will be
encouraged to discuss their ideas and concerns.
All 8 provinces in Mekong delta will be visited as well as Khanh Hoa province on the
Central Coast and Nghe An in the north. SRPPC will provide a car for the visit to
Mekong delta provinces and UWS will cover airfare and accommodation costs for 1
personnel from SRPPC and 1 personnel from Can Tho University to visit the Centre
6
and North of Viet Nam with Oleg. Airfare will cover flights from Ho Chi Minh City
to Vinh, Hanoi to Nha Trang and Nha Trang to Ho Chi Minh City.
5. Proposal for new project
All partners in current CARD project agreed that they would like to create and take
part in the next CARD project. At the meeting with Mr Chien, Dr Hai (CTU), Dr Cuc
(CTU) and Dr Hoa (SOFRI) it was concluded that current project has really started
the process of implementation of IPM in Mekong Delta and that now when we have
trained enough people we should continue to provide them with the chance to put
their knowledge into action. The usefulness of the current project is also confirmed by
the willingness of the provincial PPSD to invest their own money and increase
number of FFS in their provinces so they can meet demands of the farmers. If
approved, the new project will concentrate only on 4 of the most advanced citrus
production provinces in Mekong delta. Proposed project will provide additional
training to the best trainers from the current project and promote them into master
trainers. Also it will train many new trainers not only from PPSD but also from other
NGOs like Vinafruit. The number of trained extension officers and farmers will reach
a critical number that will allow area wide Integrated Pest Management. All
participants at the meeting agreed that the project would provide the opportunity for
introduction of GAP principles in citrus production.
6. Visit toVinaFruit
Oleg visited VinaFruit at Ho Chi Minh City on 24/03/06 and had a meeting with the
President of the association Dr Vo Mai. He informed her about the progress of the
current CARD project and they both agreed that participation of VinaFruit members
in the current project could be higher. Only about 10% of trainers in TOT come from
the organisation and a slightly higher proportion of farmer members of the association
participated in FFSs. However Mr Chien participated in VinaFruit activities and
presented topics on safe use of pesticide on fruit.
VinaFruit concentrates its activities in 7 provinces in Mekong delta (all part of current
CARD project). Oleg and Dr Vo Mai agreed that future efforts should be concentrated
and more resources put in fewer more developed production areas to elevate them to a
production standard that can compete with the other countries in the region. A major
activity of VinaFruit is the introduction of GAP but Dr Vo Mai pointed out that
production practices in Viet Nam are far from the standards prescribed by EurepGAP.
She informed Oleg about the process of development of Asian GAP and that it could
be completed by the end of the year. Dr Vo Mai fully agreed with Oleg that IPM is a
core of GAP and that current CARD project is already preparing farmers for
introduction of GAP. VinaFruit has 5 cooperatives in citrus production; 3
cooperatives producing pomelo in Ben Tre, Tien Giang and Vinh Long provinces, 1
cooperative producing oranges in Vinh Long province and 1 cooperative producing
mandarins in Dong Thap province. Each cooperative comprises of about 100 farmers.
In each cooperative there is technical group of 5 to 7 members that is responsible for
coordination of activities and introduction of new technologies. Oleg introduced the
concept of the proposed new CARD project and Dr Vo Mai will give her comments.
However both Oleg and Dr Vo Mai agreed that if new project is approved a member
of each cooperative technical group will be trained in TOT and each cooperative will
then run FFSs.
7
Annex 6.
Farmer practice baseline study 2006
From 13th to 24th June 2006 Oleg Nicetic, Ho Van Chien and Dr Tran Van Hai visited
7 FFS in the Mekong Delta, one in Khan Hoa province and 2 in Nghe An province
(Table 1). At each location the same data collection procedure was used as in 2005,
with the addition of data collection about compliance with GAP. Interviews were
conducted with the farmers who hosted the FFS demonstration experiments, other
farmers participating in the FFS, and the owners/managers of local agricultural
chemical shops. Information about compliance with GAP was obtained by
interviewing the directors of PPSD together with trainers involved in citrus IPM
training. Visual checks were also made at the farms visited and further questions
directed to participating farmers.
Information collected from these interviews adds to the database collected in 2005
and complements detailed information collected from each of the participating
farmers in pre- and post intervention surveys. The major aims of these interviews
were to:
¾ obtain an overview of current citriculture practices throughout the study area
¾ document spray application practices and pesticide usage
¾ determine the major gaps in the knowledge of farmers so that these topics can
be included in the FFS.
¾ determine the current level of compliance with GAP
Findings
Dominant citrus species and orchard layout
There were no changes in dominant citrus species (Table 1) or in orchard layout
(Table 2) from the 2005 survey so these 2 topics will not be further discussed in this
report.
Dominant pests and diseases
As was found in the 2005 survey, farmers interviewed in 2006 have great difficulty
identifying pests and diseases, and in many cases are unable to separate damage
caused by pests or diseases. In most cases the farmers intervene when it is too late to
provide effective control of the causal agent. A typical example is leafminer. Farmers
also apply pesticides unnecessarily to visible pests that do not cause economic
damage, such as with aphids.
Overall in the Mekong Delta leafminer and mites were nominated as the major
problems in 2006 with mealybugs on roots appearing to be less of a problem than in
8
2005 (Table 3). The root mealybug remains unidentified and there has been no
objective evaluation of damage caused by this pest. Lower concern about mealybug
this year indicates that it may not be a serious pest. High levels of concern in 2005
may be due to it being a new phenomenon then. Further investigations as to the
importance of this pest are needed before making any firm conclusions. Other major
pests nominated by farmers include psylla and scales (Table 3). Similar farmer
misconceptions about practices that could contribute to spread of huanglongbing were
found in 2005 to 2006. Farmer responses indicate sprays for psylla and leafminer are
applied too late after the leafminer damage becomes visible allowing development of
leafminer and transmission of huanglongbing. Most farmers use marcotted planting
material. Previously much of this material was of unknown origin, purchased from
unauthorised salespeople selling from boats, but farmers indicated that more recently
they are either marcotting trees themselves or purchasing from neighbours to ensure
that planting material was taken from healthy vigorous trees without symptoms of
disease. Reported problems with mites could be partly induced by the frequent use of
synthetic pyrethroids reported last year. Use of synthetic pyrethroids seems to be less
in this years survey compared to 2005. Farmers identified phytophthora as the major
disease and they seem to be much more aware of the disease than in the 2005 survey.
Increased awareness could be partly the result of activities of our project and CARD
052/04 VIE project.
At Kanh Hoa province in the Central Coast leafminer and mites were also identified
as the major problems.
In Nghe An province mites and phytophthora were considered the major problems by
interviewed farmers, but huanglongbing was observed to be more serious and
widespread than in any other province visited. Farmers are aware that psylla transmit
huanglongbing, and the use of disease free material is greater than in southern
Vietnam, but there is a general misconception that controlling psylla on the spring
flush (flush that bears the fruit in the following autumn) is sufficient. In order to
prevent transmission of huanglongbing, psylla need to be controlled year round on all
flushes. This point will be emphasised in the training during the second year of the
project.
Pesticides were generally not overused in the regions and provinces visited even
though number of sprays recorded in survey was higher than the number of sprays
recorded last year. However, timing of spraying and the type of pesticide used needs
to be optimised. Farmers predominantly used cheap, older generation pesticides
(Table 3). However, use of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seems to be slightly
increased and use of synthetic pyrethroids decreased in comparison to last year’s
survey. Use of mineral oil is still low but it is rising most likely due to marketing
efforts of SPPC and support of PPD and our project. The main reason for low uptake
of the use of oil is phytotoxicity experienced by many growers in the past. A very
phytotoxicity conscious approach is being taken in current recommendations
promoted by SPPC, which include only 2 low concentration oil sprays per major flush
per year. If farmers follow these recommendations and no phytotoxicity is observed
then their perceptions about oil should change during the current season. A much
more difficult problem to address is the efficacy of oil, which is often not sufficient
due to poor application methods. This baseline study revealed that except for Dong
Thap and Nghe An province, knapsack sprayers are used by the vast majority of
9
farmers (Table 3). Not only do the vast majority of farmers use knapsack sprayers but
most of the knapsacks used are of very poor quality and not able to produce adequate
pressure to achieve necessary liquid dispersal for good coverage of the leaves.
Mineral oil will not be able to be used to its full potential until most farmers have
sprayers that can deliver adequate pressure. However, oil can still form an important
part of a program that will include a range of other pesticide (imidicloprid or
thiamethoxam) and biological control methods. Use of weaver ants (Oecophylla
smargdina) as a biological control agent is widespread in Mekong delta and this
practice was strongly encouraged by our project. Use of compost and Trichoderma for
phytophthora control showed good acceptance by farmers.
Compliance with GAP principles
Development and implementation of good agricultural practice (GAP) is a very
important next step for the Vietnamese citrus industry to take. Many activities have
been undertaken in the past few years to introduce the concept of GAP to farmers of
various horticultural crops particularly in the Mekong delta. Development of GAP for
dragonfruit is part of CARD activities and SOFRI and Vinafruit are championing the
concept in many other fruit crops including citrus. In the 2006 baseline surveys we
evaluated each site for compliance with EUREP GAP requirements. We also
interviewed directors of PPSD and trainers about their perceptions of GAP and
recorded their estimates of compliance with the EUREP GAP principles in their
province (Table 4). The purpose of this additional study was to establish how wide the
gap is between Vietnamese citrus farmer production practices and EEREP GAP
requirements.
All PPSD directors and trainers were asked if they are aware of the GAP concept and
what the main purpose and core components of GAP are.
All interviewees were aware of the term GAP but none were aware that GAP is a
retail and consumer driven concept to deliver safe food to retail outlets with minimum
environmental impact in production. They were not aware of traceability of product
and record keeping as core concepts of GAP. The responses for what is a core
component of GAP vary from province to province and answers are given below (for
protection of anonymity of respondents the name of provinces are not shown):
1. Certification of and production of disease free planting material.
2. Managing of huanglongbing.
3. Training of farmers.
4. Protocol for production on large area that required cooperation between farmers.
5. Organizing farmer groups to implement better production practice.
6. Training of farmers, demonstration of new techniques and introduction of new
varieties.
7. Training, use of organic fertilizers and improved marketing.
8. Knowledge and education, investment and marketing.
When asked to estimate the percentage of farmers that comply with the following
main components of GAP: traceability, record keeping, variety and rootstock origin,
site history and site management, soil and substrate management, post harvest
10
treatment, worker health and environmental management, all interviewees agreed that
there is no compliance at all. Most of the farmers use organic fertilizers so they partly
comply with GAP requirements for fertilizer use but the compliance with requirement
for use of clean irrigation water as specified by EURAP GAP is not possible with the
sewage system present in the Delta.
Interviewees were asked in detail about compliance with crop protection requirements
of EUREP GAP and the estimated percentages of compliance for each sub-
requirement are presented in Table 4. Very high compliance is estimated for
application of only officially registered pesticide and for compliance with pre-harvest
interval. However PPSD staff do not have a full understanding of the GAP
requirement for a registered product. The GAP requirement for a registered pesticide
is that the pesticide is specifically registered for the targeted crop (citrus in our case)
while PPD staff described a registered product as a pesticide registered for any crop in
Vietnam that has not been placed on the list of banned pesticides. Consequently if no
specific pre-harvest interval was set for citrus (because the product was not registered
for citrus) then no compliance with this requirement is possible. Compliance with the
pre-harvest interval requirement is also in many cases because of the practice of
continuous harvesting throughout the year. Compliance with the requirement for
training in pesticide use is relatively high but compliance with requirement for use of
safety gear and training in safe pesticide use is very low. There are no pesticide
residues checks or appropriate pesticide storage and disposal facilities or procedures.
However we observed that quantities of pesticides kept at the farmers’ properties are
very small, but unfortunately empty pesticide containers were found lying around
houses or in orchards. Storage and handling of pesticide in pesticide shops should be
also be considered in any GAP implementation strategy because the small village
pesticide shops are were the pesticides are stored for local farmer needs.
Compliance with requirement to practice IPM and minimum pesticide use is low and
in most cases below 20%.
Conclusions
Conclusions of this survey were consistent with conclusions made from the survey
conducted in 2005. It is clear from the information collected from interviews and
observations that there are marked differences in the agro-ecological systems and
citrus growing practices used in the Mekong Delta and the Central Coast region
(including Nghe An province).
Farmers need to acquire more skills in recognising pests and diseases and connecting
these pests and diseases to the phenology of citrus trees. Spray technology is based on
knapsack sprayers with no calibration of sprayers or proper calculation of spray
volumes or pesticide dose. However, farmers commonly use pesticides at
concentrations recommended on the product label. Considering the existing level of
knowledge only simple strategies for control of pests and diseases that use a basic
monitoring system and are related to flush cycle could be adopted by farmers. The
IPM program developed in 2005 FFSs and revised at 2005 review meetings seems to
be well accepted.
There is virtually no compliance with EUREP GAP requirements. There are many
infrastructural changes (eg. sewage system and construction of packaging
warehouses) that need to be made before compliance with EUREP GAP could be
11
possible. Also improvements in the pesticide registration system should be made so
that appropriate pesticides are registered for citrus. It appears that the difference
between practices used in the Vietnamese citrus industry and those required by
EUREP GAP is too great for EUREP GAP to be considered as a realistic model for
implementation of GAP in Vietnamese citrus. A simpler model that will still ensure
safer citrus products for consumers and reduced environmental impact appropriate for
Vietnamese socio-economic and environmental condition should be developed.
12
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11/03/2024
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